Example:
Here is an example which defines a class of Books type:
</pre>
<?php
class Books{
/* Member variables */
var $price;
var $title;
/* Member functions */
function setPrice($par){
$this->price = $var;
}
function getPrice(){
echo $this->price ."<br/>";
}
function setTitle($par){
$this->title = $par;
}
function getTitle(){
echo $this->title ." <br/>";
}
}
?>
Creating Objects in PHP
Once you defined your class, then you can create as many objects as you like of that class type. Following is an example of how to create object using new operator.
$physics = new Books; $maths = new Books; $chemistry = new Books; |
Here we have created three objects and these objects are independent of each other and they will have their existance separately. Next we will see how to access member function and process member variables.
Calling Member Functions
After creating your objects, you will be able to call member functions related to that object. One member function will be able to process member variable of related object only.
Following example shows how to set title and prices for the three books by calling member functions.
$physics->setTitle( "Physics for High School" ); $chemistry->setTitle( "Advanced Chemistry" ); $maths->setTitle( "Algebra" ); $physics->setPrice( 10 ); $chemistry->setPrice( 15 ); $maths->setPrice( 7 ); |
Now you call another member functions to get the values set by in above example:
$physics->getTitle(); $chemistry->getTitle(); $maths->getTitle(); $physics->getPrice(); $chemistry->getPrice(); $maths->getPrice(); |
This will produce follwoing result:
Physics for High School Advanced Chemistry Algebra 10 15 7 |
Constructor Functions:
Constructor Functions are special type of functions which are called automatically whenever an object is created. So we take full advantage of this behaviour, by initializing many things through constructor functions.
PHP provides a special function called __construct() to define a constructor. You can pass as many as arguments you like into the constructor function.
Following example will create one constructor for Books class and it will initialize price and title for the book at the time of object creation.
function __construct( $par1, $par2 ){
$this->price = $par1;
$this->title = $par2;
}
|
Now we don't need to call set function separately to set price and title. We can initialize these two member variables at the time of object creation only. Check following example below:
$physics = new Books( "Physics for High School", 10 );
$maths = new Books ( "Advanced Chemistry", 15 );
$chemistry = new Books ("Algebra", 7 );
/* Get those set values */
$physics->getTitle();
$chemistry->getTitle();
$maths->getTitle();
$physics->getPrice();
$chemistry->getPrice();
$maths->getPrice();
|
This will produce following result:
Physics for High School Advanced Chemistry Algebra 10 15 7 |
Destructor:
Like a constructor function you can define a destructor function using function __destruct(). You can release all the resourceses with-in a destructor.
Inheritance:
PHP class definitions can optionally inherit from a parent class definition by using the extends clause. The syntax is as follows:
class Child extends Parent {
<definition body>
}
|
The effect of inheritance is that the child class (or subclass or derived class) has the following characteristics:
- Automatically has all the member variable declarations of the parent class.
- Automatically has all the same member functions as the parent, which (by default) will work the same way as those functions do in the parent.
Following example inherit Books class and adds more functionality based on the requirement.
class Novel extends Books{
var publisher;
function setPublisher($par){
$this->publisher = $par;
}
function getPublisher(){
echo $this->publisher. "<br />";
}
}
|
Now apart from inherited functions, class Novel keeps two additional member functions.
Function Overriding:
Function definitions in child classes override definitions with the same name in parent classes. In a child class, we can modify the definition of a function inherited from parent class.
In the follwoing example getPrice and getTitle functions are overriden to retrun some values.
function getPrice(){
echo $this->price . "<br/>";
return $this->price;
}
function getTitle(){
echo $this->title . "<br/>";
return $this->title;
}
|
Public Members:
Unless you specify otherwise, properties and methods of a class are public. That is to say, they may be accessed in three possible situations:
- From outside the class in which it is declared
- From within the class in which it is declared
- From within another class that implements the class in which it is declared
Till now we have seen all members as public members. If you wish to limit the accessibility of the members of a class then you define class members as private or protected.
Private members:
By designating a member private, you limit its accessibility to the class in which it is declared. The private member cannot be referred to from classes that inherit the class in which it is declared and cannot be accessed from outside the class.
A class member can be made private by using private keyword infront of the member.
class MyClass {
private $car = "skoda";
$driver = "SRK";
function __construct($par) {
// Statements here run every time
// an instance of the class
// is created.
}
function myPublicFunction() {
return("I'm visible!");
}
private function myPrivateFunction() {
return("I'm not visible outside!");
}
}
|
When MyClass class is inherited by another class using extends, myPublicFunction() will be visible, as will $driver. The extending class will not have any awareness of or access to myPrivateFunction and $car, because they are declared private.
Protected members:
A protected property or method is accessible in the class in which it is declared, as well as in classes that extend that class. Protected members are not available outside of those two kinds of classes. A class member can be made protected by using protected keyword infront of the member.
Here is different version of MyClass:
class MyClass {
protected $car = "skoda";
$driver = "SRK";
function __construct($par) {
// Statements here run every time
// an instance of the class
// is created.
}
function myPublicFunction() {
return("I'm visible!");
}
protected function myPrivateFunction() {
return("I'm visible in child class!");
}
}
|
Interfaces:
Interfaces are defined to provide a common function names to the implementors. Different implementors can implement those interfaces according to theri requirements. You can say, interfaces are skeltons which are implemented by developers.
As of PHP5, it is possible to define an interface, like this:
interface Mail {
public function sendMail();
}
|
Then, if another class implemented that interface, like this:
class Report implements Mail {
// sendMail() Definition goes here
}
|
Constants:
A constant is somewhat like a variable, in that it holds a value, but is really more like a function because a constant is immutable. Once you declare a constant, it does not change.
Declaring one constant is easy, as is done in this version of MyClass:
class MyClass {
const requiredMargin = 1.7;
function __construct($incomingValue) {
// Statements here run every time
// an instance of the class
// is created.
}
}
|
In this class, requiredMargin is a constant. It is declared with the keyword const, and under no circumstances can it be changed to anything other than 1.7. Note that the constant's name does not have a leading $, as variable names do.
Abstract Classes:
An abstract class is one that cannot be instantiated, only inherited. You declare an abstract class with the keyword abstract, like this:
When inheriting from an abstract class, all methods marked abstract in the parent's class declaration must be defined by the child; additionally, these methods must be defined with the same visibillity.
abstract class MyAbstractClass {
abstract function myAbstractFunction() {
}
}
|
Note that function definitions inside an abstract class must also be preceded by the keyword abstract. It is not legal to have abstract function definitions inside a non-abstract class.
Static Keyword:
Declaring class members or methods as static makes them accessible without needing an instantiation of the class. A member declared as static can not be accessed with an instantiated class object (though a static method can).
Try out following example:
<?php
class Foo
{
public static $my_static = 'foo';
public function staticValue() {
return self::$my_static;
}
}
print Foo::$my_static . "\n";
$foo = new Foo();
print $foo->staticValue() . "\n";
|
Final Keyword:
PHP 5 introduces the final keyword, which prevents child classes from overriding a method by prefixing the definition with final. If the class itself is being defined final then it cannot be extended.
Following example results in Fatal error: Cannot override final method BaseClass::moreTesting()
<?php
class BaseClass {
public function test() {
echo "BaseClass::test() called<br>";
}
final public function moreTesting() {
echo "BaseClass::moreTesting() called<br>";
}
}
class ChildClass extends BaseClass {
public function moreTesting() {
echo "ChildClass::moreTesting() called<br>";
}
}
?>
|
Calling parent constructors:
Instead of writing an entirely new constructor for the subclass, let's write it by calling the parent's constructor explicitly and then doing whatever is necessary in addition for instantiation of the subclass. Here's a simple example:
class Name
{
var $_firstName;
var $_lastName;
function Name($first_name, $last_name)
{
$this->_firstName = $first_name;
$this->_lastName = $last_name;
}
function toString() {
return($this->_lastName .", " .$this->_firstName);
}
}
class NameSub1 extends Name
{
var $_middleInitial;
function NameSub1($first_name, $middle_initial, $last_name) {
Name::Name($first_name, $last_name);
$this->_middleInitial = $middle_initial;
}
function toString() {
return(Name::toString() . " " . $this->_middleInitial);
}
}
Reference : http://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/php_object_oriented.htm
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